The Grapes Of Wrath By Jim Casey Essay - 1484 Words

Jesus always took the blame for his people, resulting in a painful death. In The Grapes of Wrath, Jim Casey (J.C.) is a replica of Jesus. When the Joad family first experienced the wrath of the Great Depression, they were losing faith. As their faith is running out, so is there basic knowledge of doing good. Common good is something everyone has to strive to achieve. Jim Casy strives for greatness whenever he is doing something for the common good of the people he is with. He does the right thing all the time, even when he does not feel like doing it. He encourages to do good for the better of others. The principles during The Great Depression are different than today’s principles. Back then, leaving behind all your belongings and looking forward to new beginning were just the small principles in life. Some of the bigger principles are doing what is right at all times no matter how hard it is to do. During the story, Jim Casey always puts others first, even when this means tak ing one for the team and getting himself in trouble, because that is what people do for the Good of the Community, and he believes he is the perfect man to help everyone he encounters. Jim Casey, a former preacher changed the lives of the Joad family. The common good of the community is always running through the brains of the Joad family and giving them a hard time to get around the hardships.The dust storms are creating controversy towards certain individuals in the story. As a result, severalShow MoreRelatedGrapes of Wrath838 Words   |  4 PagesHow does John Steinbeck portray Jim Casey as a Christ figure in his novel, The Grapes of Wrath? In his novel, The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck brings a variety of diverse characters to the reader. The majority of these characters individuality lies within whom they symbolize. What Im trying to say is that the character in the novel represents another being outside of the novel. For example, the former preacher Jim Casey who is also a good friend of the Joads may to some readers representRead MoreGrapes of Wrath Essay633 Words   |  3 PagesGrapes of Wrath 1. The protagonist of this story is Tom Joad. Tom must overcome several conflicts when he is paroled from jail and let out into an economically depressed country. Toms physical conflict throughout the novel is the task of surviving the horrible starving conditions of Americas Great Depression. He also has physical conflicts with people who only wish to destroy the hopes of migrant workers such as the police and strikebreakers. Toms emotional conflict deals with his inabilityRead MoreEssay about Grapes Of Wrath1712 Words   |  7 Pages John Steinbeck uses symbolism to enrich his writing. Several of these symbols can be found in his book, The Grapes of Wrath. The Joad’s, a family from Oklahoma, are in search of a better life. They leave their home in journey to California because of the dust bowl. The symbols in the book are the dust, the turtle, names of people, and the grapes. These symbols give the reader an additional perspective of the book. Dust represents life and death. Dust makes a mess of things and leaves possessionsRead MoreIrony in the Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck Essay769 Words   |  4 PagesIrony in the Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck Many of the events in The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck do not result in the expected manner. Although the Joads seem to be traveling in hope, irony seems to conquer several situations. There are three types of irony: in dramatic irony, the reader sees the characters mistakes, but not the character. In verbal irony, the author means something rather than what is said. Irony of situation is when there is a paradox between the purpose ofRead MoreTheme Of The Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck723 Words   |  3 Pages The Grapes of Wrath Analysis The Grapes of Wrath, written by John Steinbeck, is a novel which demonstrates the lives of families during the Dust Bowl migration of the 1930s and the struggles they faced on their route to California. Throughout the novel, Steinbeck applies his writing style in order to convey the theme and general plot of the novel. To begin, Steinbeck incorporated an informal use of language in this novel. This can be seen through the colloquialism and slang used in theRead MoreDignity and Transformation in the Face of Tragedy in The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck777 Words   |  4 Pageshopeful and stirring themes placed against a backdrop of terror and tragedy. The â€Å"Grapes of Wrath†, written by John Steinbeck in 1939, is a gritty and realistic picture of life for migrant families in California during the Great Depression in the face of a drought, all struggling to build lives for themselves and maintain their dignity amongst the rampant capitalist self-interest of landowners. â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath† is both a novel both a naturalistic epic and a social commentary. Steinbeck tacklesRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck957 Words   |  4 PagesThe Grapes Of Wrath introduces many real life topics, and difficulties relevant to the people in the 1930s and some still relevan t to today. Throughout the book topics like migration, corporate profit, and even environmental impacts of human choices are all present in the book. Steinbeck is shown to makes many claims about each of these topics, but the topic that stands out the most are the issues with the criminal justice system. Steinbeck believes that the police and the criminal justice systemRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1075 Words   |  5 PagesKirsten Lloyd Mr. Eldridge AP Junior English 21 August 2014 Grapes of Wrath â€Å"Sometimes even to live is an act of courage.† (Seneca), In the 1939 novel, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, the reader accompanies the Joad family as they struggle to escape the crippling Dust Bowl of the mid- 1930’s. In hopes of establishing a new life for themselves after being forced off their land the family embark on a journey from Oklahoma to California in search of fruitful crops and steady work alongRead More Grapes of Wrath Essay: Steinbecks Communist Manifesto1071 Words   |  5 PagesThe Grapes of Wrath as a Communist Manifesto  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Steinbecks political views are quite evident within The Grapes of Wrath. The subject of much controversy, The Grapes of Wrath serves as a social protest and commentary. Steinbecks views as expressed through the novel tie directly into the Marxist ideals on communism.    Perhaps the first thing Steinbeck does in The Grapes of Wrath is establish the status quo. He sets up the farmers and the banks as the two main opposing forcesRead MoreGrapes of Wrath and of Mice and Men: Character Study991 Words   |  4 PagesGrapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men: Character Study The American Novelist, John Steinbeck was a powerful writer of dramatic stories about good versus bad. His own views on writing were that not only should a writer make the story sound good but also the story written should teach a lesson. In fact, Steinbeck focused many of his novels, not on average literary themes rather he tended to relay messages about the many hard truths of life in The United States. Upon winning the Nobel Peace Prize

Meth A Popular Drugs - 992 Words

Connor Bemis Chemistry Prof Blatchly 12/15/15 Meth in the U.S Crystal Meth is a very popular drugs in the U.S. Meth is easy to make and is highly desirable because of the high it gives. Meth is very devastating to the body and to the mind of users. Addicts suffer greatly as the drug truly take a toll on their bodies. Chemicals needed to make meth can be found at any CVS or pharmacy in the country. Over the counter meds are they key to making the drug, which has caused the epic boom in meth use. The convenience and the chemical high meth gives off is what makes it so popular in today s day and age. Meth is a dangerous and powerful drug that has the power to ruin lives. Crystal Methamphetamine is one of the fastest growing drugs being used throughout the United States. Although Meth is not the only drug out there being consumed by people, it has the upper hand in the damage it causes to addicts and their families. All addictive drugs have quite a few things in common. They produce an initial pleasurable effect, followed by a rebound unpleasant effect. An amphetamine, through its stimulant effects, produces positive feeling, but when it wears off it leaves a person with the opposite feelings also known as â€Å"crashing from the high†. When this occurs a chemical imbalance is created and the result is irritability that physically demands more of the drug to normal and feel good again. Amphetamines produce anShow MoreRelatedMethamphetamine And Cocaine Are Two Commonly Negatively Depicted Substances1746 Words   |  7 PagesMethamphetamine and Cocaine are two commonly negatively depicted substances, but a popular comparison is often placed betw een the pair. This comparison brings up the question, â€Å"Which is Worse?†. The answer to that question is Meth, and this article is going to explain why. To create a fair, unbiased juxtaposition of Meth and Coke, one must start by looking at the history of each. Important factors are when and how each â€Å"drug† came up in society. Other necessary characteristics one must analyze about eachRead MoreThe Use Of Meth On The Black Market And Manufacture It For Sale1191 Words   |  5 PagesTo meet the ever increasing demand for this drug, users have found a way to reproduce meth on the black market and manufacture it for sale. It is mostly produced in illegal facilities all over the country and the world, that have dangerous conditions. These black market type facilities are known as Meth production labs. The chemicals used to reproduce the drugs can kill people if it explodes. It can cause damage to surrounding buildings and even hurt innocent people around them that live nearbyRead MoreThe Effects Of Methamphetamine On The Brain And The Body1622 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Have Methamphetamines Become So Popular â€Å"I want to be addicted to meth!† Have you ever heard anyone say this? While millions of people use methamphetamines, it would be difficult to find a person that had the desire to become addicted to it. Despite a radical increase in the number of people using this drug and the terrible consequences of doing so, it has recently propelled in popularity. Meth addiction is so common because the use of the drug is prevalent in many areas and because thereRead MoreCrystal Meth589 Words   |  3 PagesMethamphetamine - The New Drug of Choice Crystal methamphetamine, also known as ice, crank, glass and shards, is today’s street drug of choice. A popular stimulant among club-goers, it induces a long-lasting and euphoric high, preceded by a very intense low. Smoking crystal meth is the most common method of use, but it can also be ingested, injected, or snorted. Why is meth so popular? Crystal meth’s prevalence in society is due to three main factors: †¢ Easy to make - Crystal meth is composed of easilyRead MoreMethamphetamine Research Paper657 Words   |  3 PagesDrug Addiction Assignment: Methamphetamine The powerful and dangerous drug, methamphetamine (meth), has recently attracted more and more users around the world. It is an amphetamine drug that is very addictive. Meth users are gaining easier access to the drug, since it can be made from common household things, like Drano and battery acid. Over 400,000 Americans are currently addicted to the drug. Meth causes a huge increase in dopamine and other neurotransmitters in the brain. In addition, methRead MoreUnit 3 Chemical And Hazardous Materials1580 Words   |  7 PagesLesson 2 Methamphetamine Vincent Gizzi June 8th, 2016 Methamphetamine is a recreational drug that affects the central nervous system. It was discovered in 1893. Methamphetamine is usually in the form of a white odorless powder. The powder can be compressed into pill form, another form is crystal meth. Crystal meth comes in chunky clear pieces and is commonly smoked. Meth produces a large amount of dopamine in the brain. Dopamine allows for a happy feeling or euphoria. In most casesRead MoreThe Facts About Methamphetamine Essay1164 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Meth, not even once† is a popular phrase that is associated with this drug. This drug has many known horrible effects associated with it, plus many effects more I am sure are going to be discovered over time. I am intending to cover the history, effects, the different categories of meth abuse, and the withdrawal effects of Methamphetamine in this paper, and what to do if you suspect someone you know is using meth. Methamphetamine is an extremely dangerous drug that is included in the same drug classRead MoreDrugs And The Criminal Justice System1013 Words   |  5 Pagesbelief is that drugs cause crime; and in the criminal justice system there are terms used for crime that is related to or due to the use of drugs. First there are â€Å"drug defined offences†, in which is the possession, use, sale, or manufacturing of illegal drugs. Second, is â€Å"drug related offences†, which occur when drugs are either the motive or the incentive. This occurs when a person is either under the influence of a drug and commits a crime; commits a crime in order to get money for drugs; or commitsRead MoreThe Affects of Methamphetamines660 Words   |  3 Pagesin a neighborhood for years, causing serious health hazards to everyone around. The problems with meth are widespread. Children and the general public may be affected by the fumes from meth labs operating in or near their homes. The prison system is overwhelmed by the needs of incarcerated meth users. Hospital emergency departments (ED) report that meth is a significant drug problem. The cost of meth labs to society is large. A study done by the University of Arkansas found the cost to prevent abuseRead MoreMeth Addiction : The Only Way Anyone Ever Quits An Addiction1307 Words   |  6 PagesMeth Addictions â€Å"The only way anyone ever quits an addiction is that they come to a place where the desire to be free exceeds the desire to use† (â€Å"Anonymous†). Methamphetamine is not a new drug. In 1887, Germany first made amphetamine. Later on in 1919, Japan developed meth. When they discovered that the powder was soluble in water and then could be used for injection, it became popular in World War II to keep soldiers awake. Kamikaze pilots on their suicide mission were given high doses. Later

Information Security for Integrity and Availability Requirements

Question: Discuss about theInformation Security for Integrity and Availability Requirements. Answer: Confidentiality, integrity and availability requirements The below points shows the examples of confidentiality, integrity and availability requirements of ATM. Confidentiality: The example of entering PIN shows the confidentiality scenario. The customer intends to use their card such as debit card or credit card by entering PIN to get access their account through swiping the card into ATM system (Saxena Patel, 2017). Thus, the customer eventually expects that the PIN to be secure and confidential in the ATM system. This expectation is not only while swiping but also during transactions through the communication between the bank server and the ATM system. The degree of importance for confidentiality is unsecure and unsafe PIN while the transaction occurred may result in compromising of bank account. This shows that encryption of PIN is necessary and should be done properly. Integrity: The example of withdrawing cash shows the integrity scenario. The customer withdraws $350 from ATM and the account balance is $3350 (Ghafari, Arian Analoui, 2015). The ATM if accidentally updates $2950 in the account of customer instead of showing and updating $3350 then this causes unexpected havoc and loss of balance amount. The degree of importance for integrity is the transaction performed in the system can directly affect the account of customer. Hence, transaction should have integrity that is without any accidental or malicious changes. Availability: The example of serving to all customers at all times shows the availability scenario. The customer go to ATM system and wants to withdraw cash however, the system is out of service (Salnitri, Dalpiaz Giorgini, 2014). This can result into problems for the customer if the customer has emergency for cash. The degree of importance for availability is that ATM system should be available to the customers at all times without any hassle. It can serve to all customers at all times. Maximum number of PINs entered by the thief before entering the correct PIN Solution: The thief tries to enter the correct pin however, before entering the correct pin the thief has to try different number of PINs. The calculation for the maximum number of PINs to be entered for getting the correct PIN number is given as follows. The PIN is of 4 digit number and the thief has to enter between 0000 to 9999 because 0 and 9 are the lowest and highest number in the keypad of ATM. Thus the maximum number of PINs to be entered by the thief is 5P4. Reasons for reluctance to use bio-metrics and possible measures Solution: The below points provide reasons for reluctance in using bio-metrics for people. Accuracy issues- The biometrics is not accurate as there are several factors that hinder the accuracy of bio-metrics. There is probability that bio-metrics can control illegitimate access because of wrong matching is close to zero (Akhtar et al., 2017). However, there is less probability that it will verify legitimate user. The accuracy issues can be countered by using all the possible body parts that can be used for authentication in bio-metrics. Cost- The cost factor is another reason because bio-metrics is costly to use and implement at any place whether at company level or country level (Hadid, 2014). The ways to counter the cost factor is by implementing the bio-metrics that is required for particular area and reasons. Single points of failure- The biometrics if fails to function will lead to halt the entire system in an organization or ATM system or any other place where bio-metrics is used (Martinovic et al., 2017). The biometrics recognizes people and if it fails then all the system will stop functioning. The single points of failure can be countered by controlling the entire system. Circumstances for seriousness of false negatives are more than false positives The two circumstances are given below for false negatives are more than false positives. The situation when a person is an owner of safe and the person wants to access its safe for an emergency because the person needs money (Eberz et al., 2015). However, the owner is prevented from accessing its safe because biometrics does not recognize the owner. Then this causes serious false negatives which poses problems for the person. The other situation when an employee in an organization collapses due to cardiac arrest and the employee is unable to go out. In this situation when another employee goes to the employee to help and at that situation when the biometric does not recognizes the employee then the employees who is collapsed could die (Pandey Verma, 2015). This is the case where false negative can lead to compromise of an individuals health. Transposition technique for a cypher text The step by step demonstration for decipher of text is given below in the following table. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Encrypted Text N T J W K H X K Corresponding numeric value 14 20 10 23 11 8 24 11 Key 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 Decoded from the substitution cipher 12 17 6 21 8 4 22 8 Caeser cipher shift 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Decoded from the caeser cipher 9 14 3 18 5 1 19 5 Decoded Text I N C R E A S E Encrypted Text A M K Corresponding numeric value 1 13 11 Key 4 2 3 Decoded from the substitution cipher 23 11 8 Caeser cipher shift 3 3 3 Decoded from the caeser cipher 20 8 5 Decoded Text T H E Encrypted Text W W U J J Y Z T X Corresponding numeric value 23 23 21 10 10 25 26 20 24 Key 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 Decoded from the substitution cipher 19 21 18 6 8 22 22 18 21 Caeser cipher shift 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Decoded from the caeser cipher 16 18 15 3 5 19 19 15 18 Decoded Text P R O C E S S O R Encrypted Text M W K X Z K U H E Corresponding numeric value 13 23 11 24 26 11 21 8 5 Key 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 Decoded from the substitution cipher 9 21 8 20 24 8 17 6 2 Caeser cipher shift 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Decoded from the caeser cipher 6 18 5 17 21 5 14 3 25 Decoded Text F R E Q U E N C Y References Akhtar, Z., Hadid, A., Nixon, M., Tistarelli, M., Dugelay, J. L., Marcel, S. (2017). Biometrics: In Search of Identity and Security (Q A).IEEE MultiMedia. Eberz, S., Rasmussen, K. B., Lenders, V., Martinovic, I. (2017, April). Evaluating behavioral biometrics for continuous authentication: Challenges and metrics. InProceedings of the 2017 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security(pp. 386-399). ACM. Ghafari, Z., Arian, T., Analoui, M. (2015). SFAMSS: a secure framework for atm machines via secret sharing.arXiv preprint arXiv:1505.03078. Hadid, A. (2014). Face biometrics under spoofing attacks: Vulnerabilities, countermeasures, open issues, and research directions. InProceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops(pp. 113-118). Martinovic, I., Rasmussen, K., Roeschlin, M., Tsudik, G. (2017). Authentication using pulse-response biometrics.Communications of the ACM,60(2), 108-115. Pandey, R. M., Verma, V. K. (2015). Data Security using Various Cryptography Techniques: A recent Survey. Salnitri, M., Dalpiaz, F., Giorgini, P. (2014). Modeling and verifying security policies in business processes. InEnterprise, Business-Process and Information Systems Modeling(pp. 200-214). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Saxena, P., Patel, R. B. (2017). Analysis Of Distributed Environment Based Online Banking Security.

Therapeutic Interventions for Parkinson s Disease

Table of Contents Introduction Therapeutic Interventions Common Symptoms and Management Contemporary Attitudes Towards Treatment Suggested Treatment Conclusion References Introduction Parkinson ’s disease (PD) is a serious progressive disease that was first described in 1817 by James Parkinson. Many years passed before it was established that disappearance of doperminergic and non-doperminergic nerve cells in the substantia nigra of the mid brain was a primary feature in PD patients (Jankovic, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Therapeutic Interventions for Parkinson ’s Disease specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This disappearance results the depletion of dopamine in the striatum. These nerve cells are responsible for controlling movement. Statistics indicate that PD as a neurologenerative disorder in the United States is only superseded by the Alzheimer’s disease (Scott Stacy, 2009).T he mean age marking the onset of the disease is 57 year and it affects about 1 to 2% of the population above 60 years (LeWitt, 2008). The actual cause of the death of these cells to date remains unconfirmed. It has been suggested a number of contributing factors may include, genetic mutations, abnormal handling of some proteins by ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosomal systems , mitochondrion dysfunction, inflammation , environmental factors, and other pathogenic mechanism (Jankovic, 2008). There are many forms of parkinsonian disorders categorized into four groups namely: primary (idiopathic)parkinsonism, secondary (acquired,symptomatic) parkinsonism heterodegenerative parkinsonism and the multiple system degeneration type(Jankovic,2008). PD impairs motor and non-motor function in patients predisposing them to significant physical, economic and emotional burdens that is manifested by disability, deficit in health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and increased risk of early mo rtality (Scott Stacy, 2009). This papers aims to deeply examine the present therapeutic interventions for Parkinson’s disease. In the first section, various aspects of cognitive, pharmacogical and alternative treatments for this disorder will be presented. The second part will try to relate the clinical manifestations of the disorder with the above treatments and a personal opinion for treatment will be offered. The last section before the conclusion covers contemporary attitudes towards the above treatments. Therapeutic Interventions To date, there are no known neuroprotective agents for PD. Although some agents have yielded promising neuroprotective effects in cell cultures and animals, their effects have been inconclusive in humans. In recent years PD therapy has focused on modifying disease progression other than controlling neurological symptoms (Scott Stacy, 2009). Treatment for PD may involve pharmacological, functional surgery or rehabilitation procedures (physical therapy, speech therapy and Occupational therapy). Unlike surgery and alternative treatment, Most pharmacological interventions are designed to replenish and enhance delivery of dopamine to the affected areas of the brain .Because dopamine is unable to cross the blood brain barrier, pharmacological formulations use Levodopa ,the precursor of dopamine.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The efficacy of levodopa has been established in the decades proceeding its first introduction in the 1960s (Oertel et al. 2011).The delivery of this precursor to the brain is made by coupling it to Dopa Decarboxylase inhibitors (DDI) such as Carbidopa or benserazide or Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT)(e.g, Entacapone and Talcapone). This coupling enhances the efficacy of levodopa by preventing its peripheral conversion and increases it bioavailability in the brain (Scott Stacy, 2009). Over the years, Levodopa has become the preferred drug for the treatment of motor signs and symptoms of PD (LeWitt, 2008). Patients are known to recover from impairment of speech, gait and dexterity 15 to 30 minutes after administration of oral dose. For this reason, this response is also used as a confirmation criterion for proper diagnosis of PD (LeWitt, 2008 ). Both pharmacological and surgery (Deep Brain stimulation) have been shown to provide symptomatic benefits by reducing tremor ,rigidity ,stiffness and slowed movement (LeWitt, 2008). However, most levodopa users experience motor complication with continued usage of the drug. This has been attributed to its direct neuromodulatory and neurotransmitter actions (LeWitt, 2008). Apart from pharmacological and surgical treatment many patients of PD also receive rehabilitation assistance in the course of the disease (Oertel et al., 2011).The efficacy of this therapy is not conclusive. The rehabilitation involves specialist drawn from the fi elds of occupational therapy, occupational therapy and speech-language therapy. These rehabilitations may be in form of monotherapy or as part of a team of approach (Oertel et.al., 2011). They can also be engaged as part of adjunctive treatment with drug therapy or as mainstay treatment for symptoms that are resistant to other therapies (Oertel et.al., 2011). Physical therapy can reduce dependence on caregivers and improve the quality of life in PD patients by improving movement, enhancing function and lessening pain (Scott Stacy, 2008) Physical therapy is limited in that can only address issues such as balance, lack of coordination,fatigue,gait,immobility and weakness. It can also be used to develop exercise program for PD patients before motor problems arise. Recent studies have shown that exercise has a positive effect on motor sign and gait (Oertel et al., 2011). On the other hand, occupational therapy can help patients learn to perform mundane activities affected by the diseas e such as handwriting and use of various appliances. Emerging evidence has also shown that gait could be significantly improved through cued training , treadmill training in addition to cultural alternatives such as Tai Chi and Qijong (Oertel et al., 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Therapeutic Interventions for Parkinson ’s Disease specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most drug therapies and surgical treatment are temporary although the later has been shown to produce much longer beneficial symptoms. The response to levodopa changes after two years and motor fluctuation and dyskinesias develop within 5 years of administration. To counter this effect, a combination therapy of levodopa and doperminergic agonists has been suggested in the initial treatment of PD (LeWitt, 2008). Another management alternative suggested involves delaying the introduction of levodopa in early PD when symptoms are mild and to lerable. This strategy requires that levodopa be introduced only when the progression has reached levels of serious discomfort and disability (LeWitt ,2008 ). In the United States, levodopa administered together with AAD inhibitor, carbidopa on permilligram basis is efficacious Pharmacological therapy, just like surgical and rehabilitation procedures also involves a combination of an array of regimens for optimizing symptomatic relief (LeWitt, 2008). Adjunctive therapies are common features of parkinsonism (Oertel, 2011).In stable PD, Efficacy for most drug agents is enhanced by supplementation with other medications (Oertel, 2011). For advanced PD, Levodopa may be combined with dopaminergic agonists, amantadine ,MAO-B inhibitor or COMT inhibitor (LeWitt, 2008). Pharmacological therapy unlike surgery which is only a viable option in late PD, has been shown to be effective for early and advanced stages of PD. Drug therapy is the primary treatment for PD (Hayes Fung, Kimber, Oâ€℠¢Sullivan, 2010). Higher doses of Levodopa produce greater improvements but predisposes the patient to earlier ‘wearing off’. Dopaminergic agonists are an alternative to levodopa as they do not produce motor fluctuation and dyskinesias . However, they require augmentation with levodopa within two years to use to produce symptomatic improvement. Clinical trials have shown cholinesterase inhibitors produce beneficial improvement in cognitive and psychotic symptoms (Hayes et al., 2010).Drug therapy for PD can also trigger of aggravate a range of neurophychiatric symptoms (Hayes et al., 2010). In such cases drug therapy using clozapine has been shown to reduce psychotic symptoms. Recidivism in more pronounced in drug therapies than in other interventions. Levodopa , administered thrice daily, offers symptomatic control throughout the day. However after years of treatment, motor complications typically, dyskinesias and motor fluctuations result. A meta- analysis by Oertel an d colleagues (2011) found 40% likelihood or motor fluctuations and dyskinesias after 4-6 years of levodopa therapy.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Surgical treatment may be considered when pharmacological intervention fails to slow down PD progression and severe motor fluctuations and dyskinesias persist. In recent year Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) has gained importance due to its beneficial effects in certain motor symptoms. According to Deuschl and fellow researchers (2006) the administration of continous electrical impulses to the subthalamic nucleus by a surgical implant has produced improvements in motor symptoms in advanced stages of PD .DBS appear to produce long lasting beneficial effects on motor symptoms such as tremor, bradykinesia and dyskinesias although its efficacy has not been conclusively established (Hayes et al., 2010). However, surgical treatments have not been shown to improve other symptoms such gait dysfunction and fall. In some cases some symptoms have worsened after the surgery (Hayes et al.,2010). Common Symptoms and Management Rest tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity and postural dysfunction are the prima ry motor signs of PD (Jankovic ,2008). These features indicate a positive diagnosis as they are unique from other related parkinsonian disorders. Secondary motor symptoms include hympmimia, dysarthria, dysphagia, sialorrhoea, micrographia, shuffling gait, festination, freezing,dystonia and glabellar reflexes (Jankovic, 2008). Non motor symptoms are autonomic dysfunction, cognitive abnoramalities,sleep disorders and sensory disorders such as anosmia, parasthesias and pain (Jankovic, 2008). For brevity ,the following sections only present the motor symptoms of PD. This symptoms result primary from impairment of motor control and levodopa – dopeminergic agonist therapy usually are the first pharmacologicall intervention taken. Functional surgery and rehabilitation therapy can also be considered when the drug therapies fail to control symptoms. Bradykinesia (slowness in movement ) is a distinguishing clinical feature of PD and is said to be the hallmark of basal ganglia disorders (Jankovic ,2008). It features difficulties in planning, initiating and executing movement and with performing tasks that require fine motor control (Jankovic, 2008). It is also manifested by loss of spontaneous movements,drooling,dysarthria ,impaired blinking ability and hypomimia (Jankovic, 2008). Rest tremor is also a prevalent symptom of PD. It mostly occurs at extremities but may also involve lips, chin,jaw and legs (Jankovic, 2008). However proper diagnosis is essential to distinguish it from other forms of tremors such as Essential Tremors. Clinical pathological studies have shown that patients with PD have degeneration of a subgroup of mid-brain (A8) neurons (Jankovic, 2008). Though rarely used, clinical trial have indicated that Thalomotony may improve tremor (Oertel,2011). Rigidity is characterized by increased resistance in movement of limbs and also in the neck, shoulders, wrists, ankles and hips. In PD patient’s movement in these parts may be accompanied with pai n (Jankovic, 2008). Rigidity of the neck and trunk may result in abnormal axial postures, Striatal limb deformities may also develop in some patients. Deformities of the hand are characterized by ulnar deviation, flexion of metacarpophalangeal joints and extension of the distal interphalangeal joints (Jankovic ,2008). Foot deformities are characterized by extension of flexion of the toes. Postural instability occurs in advanced PD and is as a result of loss of postural reflexes (Jankovicl, 2008). It is said to be the main contributing factor for falls and ensuing fractures (Jankovic, 2008). Other factors cited to influence postural instability in PD patients include: orthostatic hypotension,age related sensory changes and Kinesthesia (Jankovic, 2008). Treatment has involved doperminergic therapy and functional surgery (pallidotomy and Deep Brain Stimulation). However these interventions have been known to produce scant improvements (Jankovic, 2008).Physical therapy has also been cit ed as potentially effective in improving postural instability (Oertel et.al., 2011) Freezing is one of the most disabling clinical features of PD though its occurrence is not universal (Jankovic, 2008). It commonly affects legs and is characterized by inability to walk which normally occurs at the initiation of movement and during movement. It is a common cause of falls (Jankovic, 2008). The main subtypes of freezing are: start hesitation, turn hesitation, hesitation in tight quarters, destination hesitation and open space hesitation (Jankovic, 2008).It is mostly severe during OFF periods but can be subdued by levodopa therapy (Jankovic, 2008). It is more common in women than men. Risk factors for freezing include rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability and generally advanced stage of PD. Rehabilitation therapy are mostly used to treat freezing due to its poor response to pharmacological therapies. Cued training has been found to be effective in reducing the severity of freezin g of gait (Oertel et.al., 2011). A reduction in dopeminergic therapy has been recommended for ON freezing although this strategy may negatively impact on â€Å"wearing of† (Oertel et al., 2011). Other pharmacological therapies for freezing include strategies such as adjustment of levodopa dose/formulation (standard and CR formulation), dopamine agonists and COMT/MOA-B inhibitors (Oertel et al., 2011). Contemporary Attitudes Towards Treatment The choice for a therapeutic intervention for PD is usually a subjective one (Rascol, Goetz, Koller, Poewe, Sampaio, 2002,). Medical practitioners may base their selection on past experiences of a particular therapy. Other noted considerations include age, perceived expectations, comorbidity, safety, efficacy, technical experience and cost (Rascol et al., 2002). In de novo patients there is always concern about how long to delay the introduction of levodopa for efficacy purposes and the long term motor complications that arise. In early PD characterized by absence of motor complications, adjunct therapy with relative safety implications is usually acceptable while in advanced PD patients, treatment decisions is normally based on the present motor fluctuations and dyskinesia (Rascol et al., 2002). It is common practice to delay non-pharmacological interventions; especially functional surgery unless motor complication failed response to drug therapies persists. For surgical interventions such as DBS, application is only acceptable if the symptomatic benefits are considered greater than the nature of risks from surgery and that there is strong likelihood that the procedure will be more beneficial than convential drug therapies (Deuschl et al., 2006). Witt, Kutin, Timmermann, Zurowski and Woopen (2011) have also found out that the risk of ‘altered personality’ is especially alarming for patients, caregivers and clinicians. Suggested Treatment For early PD, I recommend a monotherapy of immediate or controll ed releases of dopamine argonists (e.g pramipexole, piribedi, ropinirole) .These drugs have been found to be effective in early PD. Clinical trials data also indicate that there is low risk for developing complications with introductory dopamine argonist therapy (Oertel et al., 2011, p. 224). Controlled Release (CR) Levodopa should only be introduced when motor symptoms have worsened to an extent of great discomfort and possible disability. This mode is based on clinical evidence that early usage of levodopa may contribute to early emergence of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias. Adjunct therapies of amantadine, COMT (entacapone only) and MAO-B inhibitors can also form part of the early interventions. Amantadine has been shown to induce symptomatic improvements while MAO-B inhibitors are well tolerated and have low daily doses. For patients with persistent or emerging disabling tremor, DBS at the subthalamic nucleus can be considered. For advanced/late PD, I recommend a combination of immediate release levodopa with MAO-B and COMT Inhibitors. Levodopa has been established as the most effective treatment for motor fluctuations that is common during this stage. The inhibitors serve to enhance the efficacy of levodopa. Another upside of levodopa is that it has also been shown to be effective in advanced PD patient with cognitive dysfunction in addition to possessing anti-hallucination properties. For persistent dyskinesias, Amantadine can be used in addition to reducing the daily doses of levodopa and MAO-B/COMT inhibitors. Dopamine agonists can also be considered to compensate for reduce doses of levodopa. However, it adverse effects of inducing hallucination and psychosis should be noted. For severe motor fluctuations DBS by stimulation of subthatllamic nucleus can be considered when drugs therapies have failed to contain it. Alongside medical and surgical interventions, rehabilitation therapies such as cognitive movement training and cued training are also adv ised. Late PD also present with a host of non-motor symptoms. The suggestion in this section is only for the motor symptoms which greatly impair the quality of life. Conclusion PD is a serious progressive disease that results in a much reduced quality of life in victims. To date the discovery for a neuroprotective agent for PD remains elusive. Current pharmacological therapies are the first line of intervention in initiation of treatment. However as the disease progresses, pharmacological agents lose their effectiveness. Apart from their symptomatic benefits of therapeutic drugs for PD also produce an array of side effects hence necessitating a combination of different regiments. Clinical trials for modern surgical interventions such as Deep Brain Stimulation have produced positive results so far and their usage is gaining acceptance in many quarters. However the effects of such invasive procedures have not been well established. Rehabilitation measures can only be used as supplemen tary therapy with surgical or pharmacological therapies. References Deuschl, G., Shade-Brittinger, C., Krack, P., Volkmann, J., Schafer, H., Botzel, K., Vojes, J. (2006). A randomized trial of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 355,896-908. Hayes, M.W., Fung, S.V., Kimber, T.E., O’Sullivan, J.D. (2010). Current concepts in the management of Parkinson’s. Medical Journal of Australia, 192(3), 144-149. Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 79, 368-376.doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2007.131045 LeWitt, P.A. (2008). Levodopa for the treatment of Parkinson’s Disease.New England Journal of Medicine, 359, 2468-2476. Oertel W.H., Berardelli, A., Bloem, B.R., Bonucelli, U., Burn, D., Deuschl, G., Dietrichs, E., Fabbrini, G.. Trenkwalder, C. (2011) .Early (uncomplicated) Parkinson’s Disease/ Late (complicated) Parkinson’s Disease. In Gilhus, N.E., Brainin, M. (Eds.) European Handbook of neurological management (Vol 1, pp. 217-267). Chicago.Blackwell Publishing. Rascol ,O., Goetz, C., Koller, W., Poewe, W., Sampaio, G. (2002). Treatment interventions for Parkinson’s Disease: an evidence based assessment. Lancet, 359, 1589-98. Scott, B.L., Stacy M.A. (2009). The management of parkinsons disease in the primary care setting. Elsevier Internal Medicine News. Web. Witt, K.,Kutin,J., Timmermann, L., Zurowski, M., Woopen,C. (2010). Deep Brain Stimulation and the search for Identity. Neuro ethics. Doi: 10-1007/s12152-011-91-00-1. This essay on Therapeutic Interventions for Parkinson ’s Disease was written and submitted by user Noe D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

History and Evolution of Digital Imaging Technology in Health Care Essay Example

History and Evolution of Digital Imaging Technology in Health Care Paper Digital imaging technology plays a major role in contemporary health care, both as a tool in primary diagnosis and as a guide for surgical and therapeutic procedures. Besides gains over analog techniques concerning the image acquisition phase, such as possibility of dose reduction with no over- or under-exposure problems, the main motivation behind digital imaging is to exploit the advantages of digital storage and communication technology. Digital data can be easily archived, stored and retrieved quickly and reliably, used in more than one location at a time, do not suffer from aging and moreover are suited to image post-processing operations. One of the most important innovations not only in digital imaging technology, but in the medicine field as well, is the X-ray technology. X-ray imaging was the first diagnostic imaging technology, and scholars claim that X-ray technology was invented accidentally in 1895. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen was a professor of physics at the University of Wurzberg in Germany. We will write a custom essay sample on History and Evolution of Digital Imaging Technology in Health Care specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on History and Evolution of Digital Imaging Technology in Health Care specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on History and Evolution of Digital Imaging Technology in Health Care specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He was doing experiments with a cathode ray tube when he noticed that a fluorescent screen on the other side of the room was glowing (Green and Bowie, 2004). Because Roentgen knew that the cathode rays could travel only a short distance outside the cathode tube in the air, he knew he was observing a new phenomenon, an unknown ray, which he identified as an â€Å"x† ray, noting the unknown in mathematics. This accidental discovery by Roentgen has impacted most human beings in the course of their lives. For the health care sector, this discovery has led to more effective diagnostics, X-ray technology gave physicians a powerful too, that for the first time, permitted accurate diagnosis of a wide variety of diseases and injuries. X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation capable of penetrating solids. The penetration capability is higher in soft tissue than in hard and this difference can be registered on photographic film. This basic method of X-ray was quite sufficient for the examination of broken bones or punctured lungs, but the use of X-ray as a diagnostic instrument was increased by replacing the photographic film with a light sensitive electronic device combined with a capability for amplifying the signals. Initially, x-rays were used to diagnose bone fractures and dislocations, and in the process, x-ray machines became commonplace in most urban hospitals. Separate departments of radiology were established, and their influence spread to other departments throughout the hospital. By the 1930s, x-ray visualization of practically all organ systems of the body had been made possible through the use of barium salts and a wide variety of radiopaque materials (Green and Bowie, 2004). Through this development, it became possible to convert the X-ray beam to analog electronic signals, which could be presented on a television screen. In many respects the technology of image amplifying resembled television technology. By employing electronics it became possible to decrease the energy in the X-ray beam and thus to reduce the exposure to radiation. The shift to electronic technology increased the possibilities for discriminating between different levels of penetration and it also made possible to examine moving parts. The energy required by the electromagnetic radiation was also reduced by the development of new, more light-sensitive photographic film. Issues in Information Technology for Health Care In the pre-information technology, the management of patient records in health care organizations was based largely on manual file processing systems. Over time, these practices became standardized in the form of patient registers, medical service claims, work orders, patient billing files, and books of accounts. The manual system required health record technicians and specialists who were well trained in maintaining paper-based records, while others (e.g., physicians and nurses) delivered the services. The health manager’s role was simply to enforce documentation to conform to evolving standards, such as acceptable data coding, accounting principles, and book practices. In effect, the manual system of documentation dictated the traditional structure of the health care organization. Patient records are maintained by the records department of a health care institution, and the quality of a patient record depends largely on the individuals making record entries. All healthcare practitioners and others who enter information into patient records must understand the importance of creating complete and accurate records, as well as the legal and medical implications of failing to do so. The increased emphasis on fraud and abuse prevention in the healthcare industry has further highlighted the importance of proper medical records. Today, concern about privacy and confidentiality is increasing. To some degree, this concern is fueled by the growth of electronic medical records and databases that allow the exchange of information to more people, at great distances, with little effort.

Classroom Accommodations for Students With Dyslexia

Classroom Accommodations for Students With Dyslexia When a student with dyslexia is eligible for accommodations in the classroom through an IEP or Section 504, those accommodations need to be individualized to fit the unique needs of the student. Accommodations are discussed at the annual IEP meeting, during which the educational team determines the  accommodations that will help support student success.   Although students with dyslexia will have different needs,  there are some accommodations which are commonly found to be helpful for students with dyslexia. Reading Accommodations Provide books on tape, CDs, or on an electronic reader or textbook that a child can listen to especially for content areas.  Create opportunities for oral reading on a one-on-one basis and only ask the student to read aloud in class if he feels comfortable doing so and volunteers to readProvide outlines, summaries of chapters, vocabulary words and preview questions before readingAllow students to use a highlighter to mark important parts of the textUsed shared reading or reading buddiesAllow the student to discuss, one-on-one, the material after reading with a classroom aide, a partner student or the teacherProvide a set of books/textbooks for the student to keep at homeReduce spelling testsGive spelling tests orallyDont take off points for spelling errors on written workReduce spelling words Writing Accommodations Allow the student to dictate work to a parent or aideProvide speech-to-text softwareOffer alternative projects instead of written reportsPhotocopy another childs notes or designate a note-taker who will share notes at the end of classMinimize the amount of copying from the boardAllow the student to use a keyboard to take notesLet student respond to questions orally rather than writing each answerReduce written work Testing Accommodations Allow the student to take tests orallyAllow for extra timeReview directions to test orallyProvide alternatives to testing, such as projects, oral or video presentationsRead test questions to the student and write down answers as the student speaks the answerAllow tests to be taken outside of the classroom, in a quiet area with minimal distractionsHave students state answers into a tape recorder Homework Accommodations Reduce homework, especially assignments requiring readingAllow the student to dictate answers to homework to a parent, sibling or tutorAllow typewritten homeworkUse worksheets with minimal writingLimit time spent on homeworkDo not take off points for homework handed in late Giving Instructions or Directions Break large tasks into stepsGive directions in small stepsRead written directions or instructions to the studentProvide alternatives to writing assignments, use an online calendar, provide the student with a written list of assignments each morning, have a buddy student write assignments, an email list of assignments to student or parentGive examples or model behavior when giving instructionsMake eye contact with a student when giving directions Technology Accommodations Provide computers that have speech recognition softwareAllow the use of electronic spell-checkersProvide software that enlarges images on a computer screenProvide student with a computer to complete class workAllow students to tape record lessons Classroom Accommodations Often students with dyslexia also have co-morbid challenges, especially ADHD or ADD which will add to these students challenges and often leave them with  negative self-concept and low self-confidence.  Be sure to have some of these accommodations, either formally (in the IEP) or informally, as part of your classroom routines, to support both student success and student self-esteem.   Write schedules on boardWrite classroom rules on boardWrite homework assignments on the board in the morning and leave up throughout the dayHave the student sit near the teacherUse color-coding to organize desk, classroom and students booksUse multi-sensory activities to further understanding of topicsUse a positive reinforcement program with rewards and consequencesCreate private signals for a student to indicate high frustration or for the teacher to bring a child back on trackIncrease communication with parents, using daily or weekly emails or phone calls and increase meetings with parentsAssign classroom jobs that will help to increase self-esteemWork with the student to create achievable goals This list is not comprehensive  since just as  each student with dyslexia is different, their needs will be different. Some students may only require minimal accommodations while others may require more intense interventions and assistance. Use this list as a guideline to help you think about what needs the student, or students, in your classroom have. When attending IEP or Section 504 meetings, you can use this list as a checklist; sharing with the educational team what you feel would best help the student. References Accommodations in the Classroom, 2011, Staff Writer, University of Michigan: Institute for Human Adjustment Dyslexia, Date Unknown, Staff Writer, Region 10 Education Service Center Learning Disabilities, 2004, Staff Writer, University of Washington, The Faculty Room

Compare and contrast Abraham as a religious figure in Judaism, Essay

Compare and contrast Abraham as a religious figure in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam How is he so And how might this build each religion - Essay Example Abraham is considered to be the first of three Biblical Patriarchs, who lived after the Flood. According to the book of Genesis, he was the first of Jews, and the founder of the Jewish people. â€Å"For Jewish commentators through the ages, the biblical story of Hagar and Sarah forces a choice between two central principles: reverence for their Jewish ancestors, through whom God creates the nation of Israel, and concern for the powerless, which is enshrined in biblical and subsequent Jewish law† (Trible, P., 2006, 102). According to Judaism Abraham is associated with opening of the idea of ​​monotheism and its development. When he was three years old, he understood that God is the creator of everything and smashed the idols of his father Terah. The "Land of Moriah" is revealed in the history of the sacrifice of Isaac and identified with the Mount Moriah in Jerusalem, where Solomon built the Temple. Therefore, it is believed that the temple was built in the place where Abraham created an altar for burning the offerings. In the Christian tradition the image of the patriarch Abraham is the prototype of the highest piety and righteousness, in both the Old and the New Testament. According to St. John, Abraham was the guardian and teacher of faith and morals of his people among the surrounding Gentiles. St. Augustine wrote about Gods promise to Abraham, the multiplication of progeny and his blessing, which refers to all mankind. The Islam religion considers that the Kaaba was built by Ibrahim (Abraham) together with his son Ishmael in Mecca, on the place, where it stood during the days of Adam. Ibrahim died in Jerusalem at the age of 175 years. Over the cave of Machpelah, where he was buried, Muslims built a mosque and protected it, as one of the holiest shrines. According to the Koran the son of Ibrahim - Ishmael was the progenitor of the Arabic people. Muslims state that Abraham was in Mecca together with